interrogative sentences

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kalimat tanya ada dua macam, yaitu “Yes-No Question” untuk pertanyaan yang hanya membutuhkan jawaban singkat Yes atau No, dan pertanyaan yang menggunakan “Question Words” atau kata tanya seperti what, who, where, when, how, why, dan sebagainya.

A.  Pertanyaan yang menggunakan Yes-No question:

1.      Untuk kalimat yang menggunakan to be (is, am, are, was dan were), maka to be diletakkan di depan subject.

Contoh:            He is an engineer.

             Is he an engineer?

2.      Untuk kalimat yang menggunakan kata kerja bantu (can, could, will, would, dan lain-lain), kata kerja bantu diletakkan di depan subject.

Contoh:           Rudi will be here tomorrow.

            Will Rudi be here tomorrow?

3.      Untuk kalimat yang menggunakan verb selain to be dalam simple present dan simple past tense, kalimat tanya dibentuk dengan pola:

Did/Do/Does + Subject + Verb 1

Contoh:            Did you get up early every morning?

             Does your mother cook rice today?

             Did he visit you yesterday?

B.  Pertanyaan yang menggunakan Question Words:

 Pertanyaan yang menggunakan question words bisa dibuat dengan cara sebagai berikut:

1.    Untuk questions words yang menanyakan subject (what, who, whose, how many, which) susunan kata dalam pertanyaan seperti susunan kata dalam kalimat berita.

Contoh: Ali’s sister went to Jakarta.

              Who went to Surabaya?

              Whose sister went to Surabaya?

Catatan: Dalam bentuk simple present dan simple past tense, tidak perlu menggunakan ‘do/does/dis’ dalam menanyakan subject (seperti contoh di atas)

2.    Untuk when, where, how atau why, susunan kata dalam pertanyaan seperti susunan kata dalam yes-No question. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Did you call me?
When Where How Why	did you call me?

3.    Untuk question words yang menanyakan object (whom, what, which, whose, atau how manay), susunan kata dalam pertanyaan seperti susunan kata dalam Yes-No question. Perhatikan contoh di bawah ini:

Did you invite him?
Whom What How many boys	did you invite?

Catatan:

a.       Who bisa untuk menanyakan subject dan object

b.      Dalam menanyakan object benda yang menggunakan what harus diperhatikan perbedaannya dengan pola Yes-No question. Perhatikan Contoh di bawah ini:

-   Do you speak English? Yes/No

-   What do you speak? English

C.  Contoh-contoh Penggunaan Question Words:

1.      What

a.       What (apa untuk object dan apa untuk subject binatang)

-          What do you study? I study English

-          What eats fish? The cat eats fish.

b.      What (menanyakan predikat)

-          What does he do in the classroom?

c.       What (menanyakan profesi)

-          What is John? John is a singer.

d.      What (menanyakan alamat)

-          What’s your address?

e.       What (berapa, tahun berapa, pukul berapa)

-          In what year did you start living here?

-          What time will you be going to school?

f.       What + noun

-          What story is Ani telling?

g.      What… for (untuk apa/mengapa)

-          What did you bring the guitar for?

h.      What + be + Subject + like (seperti apa)

-          What is your sister like?

i.        What (karakter/penampilan)

-          What does Ita look like?

j.        What (untuk menanyakan ukuran)

-          What age is she? / How old is she?

2.      Who

a.       Who (menanyakan Subject)

-          Who is reading the holy qur’an?

b.      Who (menanyakan Object)

-          Who are you looking for?

3.      Whom

a.       Whom (menanyakan object khusus orang)

-          Whom did you visit last night?

b.      Whom… for (untuk siapa)

-          Whom does your father buy a book for?

c.       Whom… to (kepada siapa)

-          Whom do you tell your problem to?

d.      Whom… with (dengan siapa)

-          Whom did Rani go to school with?

e.       Whom… by (oleh siapa)

-          Whom is she given a pen by?

4.      Whose

a.       Whose (possessive adjective)

-          Whose book is this? This is my book.

b.      Whose (possessive pronoun)

-          Whose is this book? This book is mine.

5.      When (kapan)

-          When will you go to bed?

6.      Where (di mana/ke mana)

-          Where are they studying English?

7.      Which (yang mana)

a.       Which (untuk menanyakan subject)

-          Which one is your father?

b.      Which (untuk menanyakan object)

-          Which boy will you lend a book?

8.      Why (mengapa)

-          Why don’t you wait for me)

9.      How

a.       How (bagaimana keadaan)

-          How are you?

b.      How many (berapa banyak) – untuk benda yang dapat dihitung

-          How many pens did you bring?

c.       How much (berapa banyak) – untuk benda yang tidak dapat dihitung

-          How much water did you need?

d.      How much (berapa harga)

-          How much does it cost?

e.       How long (berapa lama)

-          How long have you been studying English at Dakwah?

f.       How long (berapa panjang)

-          How long is you ruler?

g.      How often (berapa sering)

-          How often do you fish a week?

h.      How many times (berapa kali)

-          How many times do you visit her?

i.        How far (berapa jauh)

-          How far is Bojonegoro from Blitar?

j.        How old (berapa umur)

-          How old are you?

k.      How tall (berapa tinggi untuk orang)

-          How tall are you?

l.        How high (berapa tinggi untuk selain orang)

-          How high is that building?

m.    How wide (berapa lebar)

-          How wide is this field?

n.      How heavy (berapa berat)

-          How heavy is this table?

o.      How to… (bagaimana untuk)

-          How to study English well?

-          How to be a good student?

p.      How does Ani Study?

-          Ani studies seriously.

q.      How do you come here?

-          I come here by bus.

Conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONs

A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a Clause and the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence. The conjunctions in the following examples are printed in bold type.
e.g. We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
      He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
      I went out because the sun was shining.

1.   Coordinate conjunctions

Coordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions; for instance, two words, two phrases or two clauses.
e.g. My friend and I will attend the meeting.
      Austria is famous for the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its people.
      The sun rose and the birds began to sing.

In these examples, the coordinate conjunction and is used to join the two words friend and I, the two phrases the beauty of its landscape and the hospitality of its people, and the two clauses the sun rose and the birds began to sing.

The most commonly used coordinate conjunctions are and, but and or. In addition, the words nor and yet may be used as coordinate conjunctions. In the following table, each coordinate conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. Note the use of inverted word order in the clause beginning with nor.

Here are some coordinate conjunctions

and:  in addition	She tried and succeeded.
but:  however	They tried but did not succeed.
or:  alternatively	Did you go out or stay at home?
nor:  and neither	I did not see it, nor did they.
yet:  however	The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.

As illustrated above, when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs which have the same subject, the subject need not be repeated. For instance, in the example she tried and succeeded, the pronoun she acts as the subject for both the verb tried and the verb succeeded. It should also be noted that when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs which do not have the same subject, the two coordinate clauses may be separated by a comma or semicolon, in order to make the meaning clear.

2. Correlative conjunctions

Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence. For instance, in the following example, the expression either ... or is used to indicate that the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two alternative choices of action.
e.g. Either you should study harder, or you should take a different course.

The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are both ... and, either ... or and neither ... nor. In the table below, each pair of correlative conjunctions is accompanied by an example of its use. Note that in the construction if ... then, the word then can usually be omitted.

Here are some Correlative Conjunctions

·          

both ... and	He is both intelligent and good-natured.
either ... or	I will either go for a walk or read a book.
neither ... nor	He is neither rich nor famous.
hardly ... when	He had hardly begun to work, when he was interrupted.
if ... then	If that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner ... than	No sooner had I reached the corner, than the bus came.
not only ... but also	She is not only clever, but also hard-working.
rather ... than	I would rather go swimming than go to the library.
scarcely ... when	Scarcely had we left home, when it started to rain.
what with ... and	What with all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relatives.
whether ... or	Have you decided whether you will come or not?

            3. Subordinate conjunctions

As has been seen in previous chapters, subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronouns such as that, what, whatever, which, who and whom, as well as with words such as how, when, where, wherever and why. In the following examples, the subordinate clauses are underlined.
e.g. The house, which stood on a hill, could be seen for miles.
      I wonder how he did that.

In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to as subordinate conjunctions. In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printed in bold type.
e.g. Because it was cold, I wore my winter coat.
      Let us wait until the rain stops.

The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.

Here are some Subordinate Conjunctions

1. As
    1. because:  As he is my friend, I will help him.
    2. when:  We watched as the plane took off.

2. After
    1. later in time:  After the train left, we went home.

3. Although or though
    1. in spite of the fact that:  Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.

4. Before
    1. earlier than:  I arrived before the stores were open.

5. Because
    1. for the reason that:  We had to wait, because we arrived early.

6. For
    1. for, because:  He is happy, for he enjoys his work.

7. If
    1. on condition that:  If she is here, we will see her.

8. Lest
    1. for fear that:  I watched closely, lest he make a mistake.
Note the use of the Subjunctive Mood in the clause with lest.

9. Providing or provided
    1. on condition that:  All will be well, providing you are careful.

10. Since
    1. from a past time:  I have been here since the sun rose.
    2. as, because:  Since you are here, you can help me.

11. So or so that
    1. consequently:  It was raining, so we did not go out.
    2. in order that:  I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle.
Note: When used with the meaning in order that, so is usually followed by that in formal English.
e.g. I am saving money so that I can buy a bicycle.

12. Supposing
    1. if:  Supposing that happens, what will you do?

13. Than
    1. used in comparisons:  He is taller than you are.

14. Unless
    1. except when, if not:  Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.

15. Until or till
    1. up to the time when:  I will wait until I hear from you.

16. Whereas
    1. because:  Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone.
    2. on the other hand:  He is short, whereas you are tall.

17. Whether
    1. if:  I do not know whether she was invited.

18. While
    1. at the time when:  While it was snowing, we played cards.
    2. on the other hand:  He is rich, while his friend is poor.
    3. although:  While I am not an expert, I will do my best.

In addition, the following phrases are often used at the beginning of subordinate clauses.

19. As if
    1. in a similar way:  She talks as if she knows everything.

20. As long as
    1. if:  As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
    2. while:  He has lived there as long as I have known him.

21. As soon as
    1. immediately when:  Write to me as soon as you can.

22. As though
    1. in a similar way:  It looks as though there will be a storm.

23. Even if
    1. in spite of a possibility:  I am going out even if it rains.

24. In case
    1. because of a possibility:  Take a sweater in case it gets cold.

25. Or else
    1. otherwise:  Please be careful, or else you may have an accident.

26. So as to
    1. in order to:  I hurried so as to be on time.